The excerpts here given are taken from Hinckley’s American Consular Jurisdiction in the Orient,” although the arrangement is somewhat different. In the third decade of the nineteenth century, treaties began to be negotiated between Turkey and the western powers declaring…
“Islam penetrated several parts of Africa at different times, and its presence in the continent predates Christianity. For instance, the initial spread of Islam in West Africa dates back to 800 CE when the Almoravid warriors (Berber Muslims) pushed the…
“During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the great inducement that brought Europeans to the West Coast of Africa was not merely the trade in gold, ivory, camwood, and pepper, but it was first and foremost, slaves. Liberia, however, for…
Oran. Negro Village. Grand Mufti. Co 19, 1985 conference. (Arrived in Oran, February 1985.) “The old Moorish city is full of history written in stones, archives, and races. It was alternatively the great stronghold of Moors, Turks, and Spaniards, during…
The Songhai Empire was the largest empire and became the last of the three major empires in West Africa. The empire existed from circa 1375 to 1591. It was one of the largest Muslim-populated empires in history. The rise of…
